BOOK 2. THE BATH SCHOOL. N. LEVASHOV'S «SVETL BROOM» IN A. KHATYBOV'S «BATH SCHOOL» AND A LABOUR SPADE

F. Shkrudnev N. Levashov's "SvetL Broom" in A. Khatybov's "Bath School" and A Labour Spade 211 leads to the fact that under the pressure of the organs located in the abdominal cavity, it again takes a domed shape. As a result, the volume of the chest cavity decreases, which allows the stretched elastic tissue of the lungs to contract and push out the air that entered the lungs when inhaled. During muscle work, the passive relaxation of the intercostal muscles and the diaphragm is not fast enough for the air to escape from the lungs until the next inhalation begins, and this reduction in the volume of the chest cavity is done by contracting the muscles. In addition to the muscles that raise the ribs during inhalation, there is a second group of muscles which fibers go at right angles to the first ones. These muscles lower the anterior ends of the ribs, thereby reducing the volume of the chest. The chest wall muscles also contract, causing the abdominal organs to press upward onto the diaphragm and then further accelerate the elastic compression of the lungs. When breathing, the walls of the chest cavity never bring pressure on the lungs and do not squeeze the air out of them. Reducing the volume of the chest cavity only allows the lungs to contract due to their own elasticity. Coughing and sneezing are forms of the enhanced exhalation, in which, due to the vigorous contraction of the muscles of the abdominal wall, the organs lying in the abdominal cavity press on the diaphragm, sharply reducing the volume of the chest cavity and rapidly pushing air out of the lungs. Trachea, pharynx and other respiratory ways do not perform any active muscular function in breathing; they serve only as conductive channels. In some cases, when closing the larynx lumen, there have to be made an artificial hole in the neck to allow air to enter the trachea. Breathing movements after this go normally. The air pressure in the lungs varies with each respiratory movement. In the intervals between inhalation, exhalation and subsequent inhalation, the pressure is equal to the atmospheric pressure, since the external air and the air in the lungs freely mix with each other. When the inhalation begins, the air pressure in the lungs decreases by 1-2 mm Hg. which brings the air to the lungs. By the end of the inhalation, the incoming air equalizes the pressure. At the beginning of exhalation, the elasticity of the lungs compresses the air contained in them; its pressure becomes 2-3 mm Hg. above the atmospheric, and as a result, the air comes out of the lungs. By the end of exhalation, the pressure, of course, returns to the level of atmospheric pressure. This knowledge is enough to "breathe" on the